Lucien Poincaré (1862-1920) was a French physicist, Inspector General of Public Instruction, and brother of the famous Henri Poincaré. He was particularly interested in science education and the popularization of scientific advances. This book, published in the prestigious "Bibliothèque de Philosophie scientifique" (Scientific Philosophy Library) directed by Paul Gaultier, offers an overview of recent developments in physics at the beginning of the 20th century, a pivotal period marked by the emergence of quantum physics and relativity. It is intended for a cultured audience seeking to understand the conceptual upheavals that were redefining the foundations of physics at the time.